![]() (Paris: Gallimard, 2010), 779–90.Ħ Jacques Revel, dir., Histoire de la France – L’espace français (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2000), 7–8.ħ The term “Lavissian” previously appeared in the article by Shen Jian cited above. See Piaier Nuola (Pierre Nora), Jiyi zhi chang: Faguo guomin yishi de shehui wenhua shi 記憶之塲: 法國國民意識的社會文化史 (Lieux de mémoire: a social and cultural history of French national consciousness), Huang Yanhong et al, trans., (Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 2015).ĥ Philippe Joutard, “Mémoire Collective,” in Historiographie, II, Concepts et débats, ed. A partial Chinese translation of Les lieux de mémoire has recently been published. 3 Sun Jiang 孫江, “Piaier Nuola ji qi ‘jiyi zhi chang’” 皮埃爾諾拉及其記憶之塲 (Pierre Nora and his lieux de mémoire), Xuehai 學海, 2015 No. See Pierre Nora, “Les ‘lieux de mémoire’ sont-ils exportable?,” in Présent, nation, mémoire (Paris: Gallimard, 2011), 373–84.ģ Pierre Nora, “Y a-t-il des lieux de mémoire européens?,” in Présent, nation, mémoire, 385–91.Ĥ See Shen Jian 沈堅, “Jiyi yu lishi de boyi: Faguo jiyi shi de jiangou” 記憶與歷史的博弈:法國記憶史的建構 (A contest between memory and history: the formation of the history of French memory), Zhongguo shehui kexue 中國社會科學 ( Social Sciences in China), 2010, No. Spain, Russia, Luxembourg and various Eastern European countries have also seen the appearance of similar titles in recent years. (Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2005–2007) Mario Isnenghi, ed., I luoghi della memoria, 3 vols. Beck, 2001) Henri Wesseling, ed., Plaatsen van herinnering, 4 vols. ![]() 78 (1994): 178–82.Ģ In Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy there are many similar works that even have titles that are very close to that of Les lieux de mémoire: Etienne François and Hagen Shulze, eds., Deutsche Erinnerungsorte, 3 vols. This can be regarded as a new marker for a historical system: “presentism.”ġ Pierre Nora, “La loi de la mémoire,” Le débat, no. The proposed lieux de mémoire implies a profound change in the past, present and future relationships of French national history, a change that undermines historical continuity. Although inspired by Ernest Lavisse’s L’histoire de France, this study, more inclusive than Lavisse’s, is a reflective “second-degree history” that attempts to seek identity in the “inheritance” of national memory following the decay of nationalist ideology. It was in this context that les lieux de mémoire emerged Pierre Nora seeks to pursue a national consciousness without nationalism by recalling the realms of memory. A series of major social and political changes in French society of the 1970s reduced consciousness of the nation-state, and individualized historical memory and counter-memories and identities became increasingly prominent as the historical memory of the Lavissian nation-state fragmented. ![]() After World War II, the orientation toward economic and social history of France’s new history weakened the traditional national history narrative.
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